We’ve already hinted that there are several standards governing the inspection of carbon steel assets, structures, and equipment published by ASTM International, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), and the International Standards Organization (ISO), among others. These standards establish the following methods as adequate for the inspection of surface-breaking defects, according to specific guidelines:
Magnetic particle testing (MT)
Liquid penetrant testing (PT)
Eddy current testing (ECT)
Eddy current array (ECA)
MPI’s working principle is to magnetize (directly or indirectly) the part under test and then applying a wet suspension or dry ferrous particles on it (typically iron oxide). The presence of a surface or subsurface discontinuity in the part under test allows the magnetic flux to leak because air does not support as much magnetic field per unit volume as metal. If a flux leakage area is present, the ferrous particles are attracted to it and they build up forming an indication.
Some of the advantages of the magnetic particle testing are:
Relatively uncomplicated
Almost immediate indications of defects
Relatively inexpensive
Allows inspecting large and small objects
Some of the disadvantages of MT are:
Restricted to ferromagnetic materials
Some surface preparation required
Messy and impractical under certain conditions
Needs electricity supply
No depth sizing
Post-cleaning required
No computerized record keeping
Cannot be used on thick paint/coatings
Spurious or irrelevant indications probable—requires sharp skills
Called DPI, liquid penetrant inspection (LPI), or penetrant testing (PT), this is a low-cost inspection method widely used to locate surface-breaking defects in non-porous materials (metals, plastics, ceramics). LPI is used to detect casting, forging, and welding surface defects such as hairline cracks, surface porosity, leaks in new products, and fatigue cracks on in-service components.
DPI uses capillary action where a low-surface-tension fluid penetrates into clean and dry surface-breaking flaws. Penetrant may be applied to the test component by dipping, spraying, or brushing. After adequate penetration time has been allowed, the excess penetrant is removed and a developer is applied to draw penetrant from flaws, making indications visible.
Some of the advantages of LPI are:
Relatively uncomplicated
Shows small surface-breaking defects
Relatively inexpensive
Few material limitations
Allows inspecting large and small, geometrically complex objects
Portable (aerosol spray cans)
Some of the disadvantages of LPI are:
Pre-cleaning is critical
No depth sizing
Only relatively non-porous surfaces can be inspected
Direct access to the surface under test necessary
Surface finish and roughness can affect inspection sensitivity
No computerized record keeping
Post-cleaning required
Chemical handling and proper disposal necessary
ECT is a non-destructive testing (NDT) technique used to detect surface and subsurface defects through electromagnetic induction. In its simplest form, a coiled copper wire is excited with an alternating electrical current to produce a magnetic field around itself. When the coil approaches a conductive material, currents opposed to the ones in the coil are induced in the material — eddy currents.
A defect in the conductive material disturbs the path of eddy currents, creating a local magnetic field that changes the balance of the system, which can be quantified by measuring the impedance variations in the coil.
Some of the advantages of eddy current testing are:
Sensitive to surface and subsurface defects
Capable of detection through multilayered structures
Can detect through thin non-conductive surface coatings
Little pre-cleaning necessary
Portable test equipment is small and light
Some of the disadvantages of ECT are:
Affected by magnetic permeability variations
Only effective on conductive materials
Operator dependent
Conventional signal interpretation requires skills
Eddy current array (ECA) is supercharged ECT. ECA is a series of single elements arranged in a single probe to cover a larger area in a single pass than conventional, single-coil probes (i.e., pencil and weld probes using ECT). The coils are multiplexed — activated and deactivated in specific sequences to minimize the interference between coils in close proximity (mutual inductance) and maximize the resolution of the probe. ECA probes effectively eliminate raster scanning (necessary when using ECT pencil probes), which has a significant impact on inspection speeds.
Tangential eddy current array (TECA™) is a blend of multiplexed tangential coils and pancake coils, specifically designed to detect surface-breaking cracks in carbon steel welds. The TECA coil arrangement and operating mode yield unique eddy current signals from surface-breaking cracks in carbon steel, enabling the sizing of their depth. Transmitters induce eddy currents that flow perpendicular to the direction of scans. When the eddy currents encounter longitudinal cracking, they flow around it by diving underneath or moving around the extremities.
When it comes to using NDT inspection methods on carbon steel surfaces, performances depend greatly on specific conditions—typically the material and type of defects, but also surface conditions, cleanliness, etc. Under most conditions, however, the following are true.
We cannot stress enough that no one inspection method is infallible—they must often be combined for optimal and thorough results. Choosing the right technique to inspect carbon steel surfaces therefore often requires using more than one—if only for cross-validation and make up for the shortcomings of the others.
There are a lot of factors to consider when it comes to choosing the right inspection technique for defecting surface defects in carbon steel as every NDT method has its own benefits and drawbacks. We encourage you to discuss your specific requirements with us to make the most informed choice and stay Beyond Current.